![]() ![]() These colorations serve a variety of signaling functions, as well as non-signaling functions such as camouflage ( Land & Nilsson, 2012 Bortolotti, 2006). The variety of colors in animal integuments is perhaps one of the most striking features of the natural world. These results indicate that climate is a strong driver of phenotypic divergence in Piranga bidentata. ![]() We found that differentiation in carotenoid plumage coloration was mainly explained by rainfall differences between disjunct populations, whereas body size differences was best explained by variation in the annual mean temperature and temperature of coldest quarter. We used Multiple Regression on Matrices (MRM) to evaluate the relative contributions of geographic distance, climate and genetic distance on color divergence and body differences between geographically disjunct populations. While female plumage throughout its entire range is predominantly yellow, males exhibit a noticeable split in ventral plumage color, which is bright orange on the West slope and the Tres Marias Islands and blood red in Eastern Mexico and Central America. The Flame-colored Tanager ( Piranga bidentata) is a highland songbird in the cardinal family (Cardinalidae) that is distributed from Mexican sierras through Central America up to western Panama. Carotenoid-based coloration is therefore modulated by evolutionary and ecological processes that affect the acquisition and deposition of these pigments into tegumentary structures. Despite their widespread use by diverse animal groups, animals obligately obtain carotenoid pigments from diet. One of the most widespread types of pigments are carotenoids, which are used by all invertebrate taxa and most vertebrate orders to generate red, pink, orange and yellow coloration. PeerJ 10: e12901 Īnimals derive their coloration from a variety of pigments as well as non-pigmentary structural features. Drivers of phenotypic divergence in a Mesoamerican highland bird. Cite this article Robles-Bello SM, Vázquez-López M, Ramírez-Barrera SM, Terrones-Ramírez AK, Hernández-Baños BE. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. Licence This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. 2 Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico DOI 10.7717/peerj.12901 Published Accepted Received Academic Editor Scott Edwards Subject Areas Molecular Biology, Taxonomy, Zoology Keywords Morphometric variation, Genetic variation, Piranga bidentata, Cardinalidae, Carotenoid, Plumage color Copyright © 2022 Robles-Bello et al. ![]()
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